Do the Jewish people also have neanderthal DNA in the same proportion as other populations?

I’m not sure what you mean by “other populations”. Not all populations have the same proportions of Neanderthal DNA in their genes. Some have no neanderthal DNA at all - especially if their origin is Africa (i.e. never moved out of Africa). Other populations include Denisovan DNA.

Hence as populations vary across the world in their genetic makeup with regards to Neanderthal DNA, it makes no sense to ask whether Jews have Neanderthal DNA in the same proportion as other populations unless you specify the population. The chances are it will be different e.g. different from Chinese, Inuit, Africans, most Europeans, most other Asians….. but then all these groups also differ so don’t have the same proportions of neanderthal DNA either.

If you are asking whether Jews have neanderthal DNA in their genes, the answer is yes in most cases. (In some cases they may not e.g. if their origins were Africa but this doesn’t apply to most Jews who came from the Middle East).

Due to religious intermarriages, it would be ideal to have DNA examinations from ancient Hebrew burial grounds. I have seen blood type frequencies examined:

Blood types of the ancient Hebrews - Rhesus Negative

But not DNA strings.

Since there is a strong cluster between the ancient Hebrews and Basques and Basques being still higher in Neanderthal DNA than most if not all Europeans, I consider high frequencies of Neanderthal DNA among the ancient Hebrews quite possible:

Is there a Basque-Jewish-Rh Negative connection? - Rhesus Negative

Most people of European descent have some small percentage of neanderthal genes. This includes some, but not all Jews of European descent. I do know a few Jewish people who have used one of the genetic testing services and found that they had 2% or 3% Neanderthal in their genetic profile. Even if some Jews arrived in Europe after the Neanderthals were gone, there was always a certain amount of intermarriage between different religions and cultures, so the genes would have been intermingled as well.

Judaism is not a race and the Jewish people are not linked genetically. The original tribes of the Israelites are no longer the unifying bond of the Jews, and haven’t been for the last 2000+ years. The question is, therefore, not relevant.

Yes.

Context:

40,000 years ago: Neanderthals went extinct or assimilated.

10,000 years ago: “Mediterranean” phenotype expanded from what is now Iraq and Syria due to the invention of agriculture.

2,000 or 3,000 years ago or so: some modern identities like the Greeks, Jews, Persians, Armenians, Georgians, Chinese and so on developed.

So the point is, the people from Aghanistan to Portugal look the same for a reason, the “ancient” identities came much much much later, and even since then their genetic make-up has been shifting.

All populations have Neanderthal DNA percentage to a greater or lesser degree.

Sub Saharan African populations have a low, sometimes very low, percentage.

“Jewish” people - meaning Sephardic Jews - have typical Southern European DNA, so the Neanderthal DNA percentage is not low.

Being Jewish is not just a religious choice.